Bikramkhol cave, Archeological site of Jharsuguda
In the foretime, primitive human being used to roam in forest and mountain. Birds flying in the sky, fish transmitting in the river source and meat of different species of animals in the forest were their favourite food. That is why ancient human had used different types of weapons for hunting. They had been taking shelter in mountain cave to get protection from the sun, rain and cold.
Eventually, primitive humans started abandoning the cave to settle in the group by building cottage permanently. The development of human civilization had started with the use of language and script. Relic of ancient civilization can be seen in mountain covered by deep forest of districts such as Sambalpur, Jharsuguda, Nuapada, Sundagarh, Deogarh and Kalahandi of Western Odisha. Bikramkhol also spelled Vikramkhol is an archaeological site and containing pre-historic, undeciphered pictographic inscriptions. Script as well as pictures of 5 century BC engraved in the Bikramkhol Cave of Jharsuguda district and has become the main point of attraction for historians and researchers from our country and abroad.
Among all the civilizations that have been invented in different places of the earth, the Harappa civilization is as oldest as the Mahenjo-Daro civilization which settled on the bank of the Indus Valley. Because the script obtained in this zone is ancient from Hieroglyphics script and Cuneiform script. it is believed that Hieroglyphic Writing dates back to 3500 BC.
various languages were born in the earth from Indus script. But, It is in contact with the development stream of various provincial scripts of India that have not been fully certified yet. In the Sanskrit language, Veda and Upanisad were written in birch leaf and palm leaf in India (2300 BCE). It is estimated that Ramayana and Mahabharata poetries were written after this period. Noted Sanskrit Scholar Panini had not only Written Grammar in the Sanskriti language namely katyayan and patnjali but also Made this elegant language. In the Gupta era, a number of scripture, poetry, drama and story were written in Sankrit language. Afterwards, Sanskrit language and literature could not be developed sufficiently.
Scripts of all ancient civilizations have been created in the cave by primitive human. They had created script, language and picture at the time of human evolution. The bhrami script is considered to be an ancient script in India. The script of India has originated from the bhrami script. despite this, all spoken languages of India divided into four groups. According to ancient literature fine detail(Lalita bistar) of buddha was written in 1 century BC. There were 62 languages prevalated in india. The first reviewer of the Indian script johan George Biul mentioned in the fourth chapter of his book "On the origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet (1898)" that the Brahmi script developed from Semitic (3500bc). After this, script citric opined that Brahmi script has been developed from Aramic script to strong the opinion was given by the biul . Indian script is written from left to right .but, aramic script is written from right to left.
According to different Historians, Indus Script gave rise to both kharosthi script of maurya era and Brahmi script. In the Maurya era, Sanskrit was the official language and confined only in the category of intellectual people. Likewise, prakrit language and Shurasena language were prevalent in the alleged language form of the general public. Therefore, both Brahmi script and Kharosthi script had applied during the reign of Ashoka in the fourth century BC. It is further shown that Other languages scripts group of India derived from brahmi Script. Any evidence of creation place and times of Brahmi script has not found yet. The script discovered in bikramkhol cave is older than Brahmi script found in research.
After 19 km of the journey from Jharsuguda district toward the west of State Odisha, kaudarha chowk is situated on way of Belpabahar-himgir forest road , a half-moon shape of a mountain named Bikram is located 6 km away ; in vicinity of Banjari village. The mountain is facing towards east side and name of mountain is called Bikramkol. cave shelter is about 37 meter in length, 8 meters in breadth and 8 meters in height. The upper part of this cave has expanded towards the east like a roof. Floor breadth of this specific Natural protection cave is about 6 meter. The cave can give shelter to 10-20 persons at any season of the year.
Two-row of scripts as well as some pictures of Wild animals have been excavated on the wall of the cave within a 10-meter dimension which can be anticipated. 42 letters are written in two lines in Baikramkhol cave. 23 letters out of 42 letters have been identified, that matches with Mahenzodaro and brahmi script. some scripts have written multiple times.
The use of ‘anuswar' can be seen in the required field. There is no animal picture in the writing, it seems that at that time the advanced writing method was developed. Engraved pictures used as a symbol in writing. some letters have jointed, show that combined letter ‘Sanyukta baran’ is used. Some symbolic symbols have been used below and above script, that shows that they were knowledge of ‘matra'. Indian script is not developed from Semitic script but the Indian script is a form of evolution of the ancient cave script found in research.
Because of natural disaster and attack of some careless person among tourists, some scripts have been spoiled. On the floor of the cave, 4-inch square inch dimensions and 2 square inches deep some holes were dug. Ancient tribal had battered their rice in these holes.
Many pits were made in the cave wall. cave dwellers suspended their clothes, foodstuffs and weapons in hole by putting wooden stick. For a long time, the script and picture of Bikramkhol cave had not come in contact with people. Bikramkhol cave came in contact with Historians and researchers, After falling into sight of some cowboys who grazed their cattle in a Forest in 1924. A famous Indian historian Late Kashi Prasad jayaswal had visited this cave in 1933. In this zone, an advanced civilized human society was living by establishing a settlement in 5 century BC. It is estimated that they were using these scripts. Mr Jayaswal wrote about the script of Bikramkhol that "the characters in Vikramkhol inscription belongs to a period intermediary between the script of Mahenozodaro and Brahmi. Some letters remain their original or secondary Mahenzodaro form and some have assumed the Brahmi or proto-brahmi form. This throws a flood of light on the history of writing as, from Brahmi, The phonician and European Script are derived ".The ancient script discovered in Bikramkhol has not been able to understand by historians, researchers and linguists.
From the past couple of years, apart from the historians and researchers of India, many researchers are coming from abroad to Bikramkhol cave to study script. There is an ancient fort named Ulapgarh in the fractal state located at top of Maheswar mountain which is about 20km away from Bikramkhol cave and near Belpahar. There is a cave attached to this fort named usakoti and many pictures and symbolic pictures have been excavated in the body of this cave. picture of 5 century BC can be noticed in caves such as manikamunda, Lekhamunda,chichirakhol,Sargikhol,kendukhol,Sukhamakar and Fulldunguri etc and these are located in mountains of hemgir Forest range under Sundargarh district and about 10 km from Bikramkhol. By observing these scripts and pictures excavated in the above-mentioned caves, it is known that in ancient times advanced civilization used to live at these places.
The tribal had knowledge of hunting, martial art, fort construction which settled in this area for a long time, apart from these; they also knew sculptural art. Probably, They were patron of the Dravid people of the Indus civilization. Apart from Bikramkhol and Ulapgarh, a writer discovered a small fort in fractal state in 2002 located on foot land of laxmi mountain which is situated near Kukliaberana village of Lakhanpur block in Jharsuguda district. Picture of "checked"(pasapali) has excavated on a stone piece (4×21/2) collected from above-related forts. Like the Bikramkhol cave, a lot of holes have been built on the wall of the Ulapgarh cave. Studying the above reconciliation shows that Vikramkhol, Ulapgarh and Kuliaberna forts were once inhabited by a developed civilization that has become center of attention for historians, linguists and researchers.
Prehistoric rock painting is found in various parts of India, mostly in the provinces of utter pardesh, Karnataka,Madhya Pradesh,Bihar,Odisha, Rajasthan,Kerla and Andra Pradesh. There are as many as thirty-six locations in these areas in which picturesque rock paintings have been discovered. The main place retaining the important rock paintings are Kaimur Mountain range (mirjapur in Uttar pradesh), mountain range(bhimbetka),mahadeo hill range, Dangar of the Raigarh region, panchamadhi mountain in madhya pardesh, Rock paintings and engravings are also found in Maharashtra, Räichur in Andhra Pradesh, Beläri in Kuppugalu hill range, Gotgiriletta hill (Bongalore) of Karnataka and Edkälmäl hills in Kerala.
The wooded hinterland of the state beyond the Eastern Ghats is the storehouse of earliest rock paintings. At Ushakothi, Garjan Dongar and Manikmunda in Sambalpur district, Bikramkhol in Jharsuguda district and Gudahandi and Yogimath in Kalahandi, there are upper Paleolithic rock paintings (in red ochre or Hematite) and rock bruising. The painting on the facade of a cave at Gudahandi is exuberantly realistic. The hunting scene of a man throwing a stone missile at a running bison is of high artistic excellence.
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